Introduction to Microbiology 10th class Science 2

Chapter - 7.2                                              < Chapter - 7.1

Part - 2

Introduction to Microbiology

Antibiotics :-

• Many diseases of human and other animals have been controlled due to antibiotics obtained from different types of bacteria and fungi.
• Antibiotics  like penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactom, bacitracin, erythromycin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin,  tetracyclins, vancomycin etc.
  
• Rifamycin is effective against  tuberculosis.

Microbes and fuels :-

• Gaseous fuel – methane 
• Ethanol and alcohol.
• Hydrogen gas
• Bio fuel :-

Microbial Pollution  Control.:-

• There is increase in pollution with various pollutants solids wastes, sewage.
• Cities are densely populated
• Life of future generations will be difficult.

Land filling sites

• Large pits are dug in open spaces
• Far from residential area
• Degradable waste is accumulated in urban areas .
• Pits are lined with plastic sheets
• To prevent soil pollution.
• Compressed waste is dumped in the  pit.
• Covered  with layers of soil saw dust leafy waste and specific biochemical.
• Pit is sealed with soil slurry.
• Best quality compost is formed after few days
• It can be reused.

Sewage management:-

• In cities sewage need to be carried processing unit and acted upon by microbial processes.
• Domestic sewage is disposed off either in nearby soil or in bio -gas plant.
• To destroy the pathogens of cholera typhoid etc. microbes are mixed with sewage .
• Methane and CO2 is released
• Phenol oxidizing bacteria decomposes the xenobiotic  chemicals present in the sewage.
• Sludge can be again used as fertilizer.
• Water which is released is environmentally safe.
• Microbes are used for bioremediation.

Clean Technology:-

• As progress in technology increase at same time environmental pollution is increasing .
• The ways to control air, soil and water pollution with the help of microbes .
• Some microbes remove the sulphur  from fuels.
• Metals like copper, iron, uranium, zinc etc leach into environment  from low quality metalloids.

Microbial Inoculants:-

• Microbes contain inoculants are produced by process  of fermentation.
• Inoculants are sprayed on seeds before sowing.
• They help in plant growth by supplying nutrients.
• Quality of food is improved .
• Azotobacter and artificial nitrogenase  is used in organic farming.
• Fluoroacetamide  chemicals are mixed with soil due to use of chemical pesticides in agriculture.
• It is harmful and can cause skin diseases to animals and humans.
• Pesticides in soil can be destroyed with the help of microbes.

Bio insecticides:-

• With the help  of biotechnology  bacterial and fungal toxins and pathogens can be directly integrated into plants .
• Similarly to bacteria ,some species  of fungi and viruses are useful as pesticides.
• Spinosad, a by –product of fermentation is a biopesticide.